Vikings is the modern name given to seafaring Norse pirates from southern Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and settled throughout parts of Europe. They also voyaged as far as the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and North blogger.com some of the countries they raided and settled in, this Forty-five units of (required) Mathematical Sciences electives (at the level or above or or or ). 27 Units of (required) Mathematical Sciences (at the level or above or or or , or Computer Science (at the level or above), or Physics (at the level or above), or Statistics (must be at the level or above and have at least The movie we want it to be. Revisiting Midnight Cowboy, a “dark, difficult masterpiece”; delving into the “secret” diary of Michel Barnier, “the most dangerous man in
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Vikings [a] is the modern name given to seafaring people primarily [3] from Scandinavia present-day DenmarkNorway and Sweden[4] [5] [6] who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raidedpiratedtraded and settled throughout parts of Europe.
In some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the Viking Ageand the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a collective whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the Early medieval history of Scandinaviathe British IslesFranceEstoniaand Kievan Rus'. Expert sailors and navigators aboard their characteristic longshipsVikings established Norse settlements and governments in the British IslesIrelandthe Faroe IslandsIcelandGreenlandNormandythe Baltic coastand along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in what is now European RussiaBelarus [11] and Ukraine [12] where they were also known as Varangians.
The NormansNorse-GaelsRus' peopleFaroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies. The Vikings also voyaged to ConstantinopleIran[13] and Arabia. While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, profoundly influencing the genetic [15] and historical development of both.
During the Viking Age the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Vikings spoke Old Norse and larsson e masters thesis inscriptions in runes. For most of the period they followed the Old Norse religionlarsson e masters thesis, but later became Christians. The Vikings had their own lawsart and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmersfishermencraftsmen and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the Norsemen that emerges from archaeology and historical sources.
A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century Viking revival. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, larsson e masters thesis, there is no evidence that they wore horned helmetsa costume element that first appeared in Wagnerian opera.
The etymology of "viking" is uncertain. In the Middle Ages it came to mean Scandinavian pirate or raider, while other names such as "heathens", "Danes" or "Northmen" were also used. The form occurs as a personal name on some Swedish runestones, larsson e masters thesis. The stone of Tóki víking Sm 10 was raised in memory of a local man named Tóki who got the name Tóki víking Toki the Vikingpresumably because of his activities as a Viking.
The Västra Strö 1 Runestone has an inscription in memory of a Björn, who was killed when " on a viking raid ". The Bro Stone U was raised in memory of Assur who is said to have protected the land from Vikings Saʀ vaʀ vikinga vorðr með Gæiti. Another less popular theory is that víking from the feminine víkmeaning "creek, inlet, small bay".
However, there are a few major problems with this theory. People from the Viken area were not called "Viking" in Old Norse manuscripts, but are referred to as víkverir'Vík dwellers'. In addition, that explanation could explain only the masculine víkingr and not the feminine víkingwhich is a serious problem because the masculine is easily derived from the feminine but hardly the other way around.
Another etymology that gained support in the early twenty-first century, derives Viking from the same root as Old Norse vikaf. In that case, the idea behind it seems to be that the tired rower moves aside for the rested rower on the thwart when he relieves him.
The Old Norse feminine víking as in the phrase fara í víking may originally have been a sea journey characterised by the shifting of rowers, i. a long-distance sea journey, because in the pre-sail era, the shifting of rowers would distinguish long-distance sea journeys. A víkingr the masculine would then originally have been a participant on a sea journey characterised by the shifting of rowers.
In that case, the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas. In Old Englishthe word wicing appears first in the Anglo-Saxon poem, Widsithwhich probably dates from the 9th century.
In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in aboutthe term generally referred to Scandinavian pirates or raiders. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general.
The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts. One theory made by the Icelander Örnolfur Kristjansson is that the key to the origins of the word is " wicinga cynn " in Widsith, referring to the people or the race living in Jórvík York, in the ninth century under control by NorsemenJór-Wicings note, however, that this is not the origin of Jórvík. The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of " barbarian warrior" or noble savage.
During the 20th century, the larsson e masters thesis of the term was expanded to refer to not only seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them like Iceland and the Faroe Islandsbut also any member of the culture that produced said raiders during the period from the late 8th to the midth centuries, or more loosely from about to as late as about As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, larsson e masters thesis, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking ageViking cultureViking artViking religionViking ship and so on.
According to some researchers, the term back then had no geographic or ethnic connotations that limited it to Scandinavia only. The term was instead used about anyone who to the Norse peoples appeared as a pirate. Therefore, the term had been used about Israelites on the Red Sea; Muslims encountering Scandinavians in the Mediterranean; Caucasian pirates encountering the famous Swedish Ingvar-Expedition, and Estonian pirates on the Baltic Sea.
Thus the term "Viking" was supposedly never limited to a single ethnicity as such, but rather an activity. In Eastern Europe, larsson e masters thesis, of which parts were ruled by a Norse elite, víkingr came be perceived as a larsson e masters thesis concept meaning "hero" in the Russian borrowed form vityaz' витязь.
The Vikings were known as Ascomanni "ashmen" by the Germans for the ash wood of their boats, [42] Dubgail and Finngail "dark and fair foreigners" by the Irish, [43] Lochlannaich "people from the land of lakes" by the Gaelslarsson e masters thesis, [44] Dene Dane by the Anglo-Saxons [45] and Northmonn by the Frisians.
The scholarly consensus [46] is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden with the older name being Roden.
The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians Russian : варягиfrom Old Norse Væringjar 'sworn men', from vàr- "confidence, vow of fealty", related to Old English wær "agreement, treaty, promise", Old High German wara "faithfulness" [53]. Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors larsson e masters thesis known as the Varangian Guard.
The Rus' initially appeared in Serkland in the 9th century, traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves, as well as luxury goods such as amber, larsson e masters thesis, Frankish swords, larsson e masters thesis, and walrus ivory.
Hoards of 9th century Baghdad-minted silver coins have been found in Sweden, particularly in Gotland. During and after the Viking raid on Seville in CE the Muslim chroniclers of al-Andalus referred to larsson e masters thesis Vikings as Magians Arabic: al- Majus مجوسconflating them with fire worshipping Zoroastrians from Persia, larsson e masters thesis. The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were generally known as Danes or heathen and the Irish knew them as pagans or gentiles.
Anglo-Scandinavian is an academic term referring to the people, and archaeological and historical periods during the 8th to 13th centuries in which there was migration to—and occupation of—the British Isles by Scandinavian peoples generally known in English as Vikings.
It is used in distinction from Anglo-Saxon, larsson e masters thesis. Similar terms exist for other areas, such as Hiberno-Norse for Ireland and Scotland. The Viking Age in Scandinavian history is taken to have been the period from the earliest recorded raids by Norsemen in until the Norman conquest of England in The Normans were descendants of those Vikings who had been given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the Duchy of Normandyin the 10th century.
In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King Harold Godwinsonthe last Anglo-Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors.
Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne in until and his son Cnut the Great being king of England between and Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands modern Denmark, Norway and Larsson e masters thesisas well as territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelawincluding Scandinavian Yorkthe administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria[66] parts of Merciaand East Anglia.
As early aswhen Swedish emissaries are first known to have visited ByzantiumScandinavians served as mercenaries in the service larsson e masters thesis the Byzantine Empire. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the Varangian Guard. The word Varangian may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could larsson e masters thesis either to Scandinavians or Franks.
In these years, Larsson e masters thesis men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, Västgötalagenlarsson e masters thesis, from Västergötland declared no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire —to stop the emigration, [73] especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: [74] Kievan Rus' c.
There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached Baghdadthe centre of the Islamic Empire. Important trading ports during the period include BirkaHedebyKaupangJorvikStaraya LadogaNovgorodand Kiev. Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonization, and conquest.
In this period, voyaging from their homelands in DenmarkNorway and Sweden the Norsemen settled in the present-day Faroe IslandsIcelandNorse GreenlandNewfoundlandthe NetherlandsGermanyNormandyItalylarsson e masters thesis, ScotlandEnglandWaleslarsson e masters thesis, Irelandthe Isle of ManEstoniaUkraineRussia and Turkeyas well as initiating the consolidation that resulted in the formation of the present day Scandinavian countries.
In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known for only the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their Christianisation, larsson e masters thesis.
Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages.
The Vikings significantly intermixed with the Slavs. Slavic and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading". However, new analyses suggest that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland. Cnut the GreatKing of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland[82] possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. Richeza of Poland, Queen of Swedenmarried Magnus the Strongand bore him several children, including Canute V, King of Denmark.
She was the mother of Sigismund III VasaKing of Poland, King of Sweden, and Grand Duke of Finland. Colonization of Iceland by Norwegian Vikings began in the ninth century. The first source mentioning Iceland and Greenland is a papal letter of Twenty years later, they appear in the Gesta of Adam of Bremen. It was not until afterwhen the islands had become Christianized, that accounts of the history of the islands were larsson e masters thesis from the point of view of the inhabitants in sagas and chronicles.
They raided and pillaged, traded, acted as mercenaries and settled colonies over a wide area, larsson e masters thesis. Later in their history, they began to settle in other lands. This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period. Viking expansion into continental Europe was limited. Their realm was bordered by powerful tribes to the south. Early on, it was the Saxons who occupied Old Saxonylocated in what is now Northern Germany.
The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby. The Vikings witnessed the violent subduing of the Saxons by Charlemagnein the thirty-year Saxon Wars of — The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption larsson e masters thesis Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire.
Fear of the Franks led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until The south coast of the Baltic Sea was ruled by the Obotritesa federation of Slavic tribes loyal to the Carolingians and later the Frankish empire. The Vikings—led by King Gudfred —destroyed the Obotrite city of Reric on the southern Baltic coast in AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby.
Because of the expansion of the Vikings across Europe, a comparison of DNA and archeology undertaken larsson e masters thesis scientists at the University of Cambridge and University of Copenhagen suggested that the term "Viking" may have evolved to become "a job description, not a matter of heredity," at least in some Viking bands.
Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands.
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Vikings is the modern name given to seafaring Norse pirates from southern Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and settled throughout parts of Europe. They also voyaged as far as the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and North blogger.com some of the countries they raided and settled in, this Forty-five units of (required) Mathematical Sciences electives (at the level or above or or or ). 27 Units of (required) Mathematical Sciences (at the level or above or or or , or Computer Science (at the level or above), or Physics (at the level or above), or Statistics (must be at the level or above and have at least The movie we want it to be. Revisiting Midnight Cowboy, a “dark, difficult masterpiece”; delving into the “secret” diary of Michel Barnier, “the most dangerous man in
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