Big Y Homework Help We understand you need help now with quick essay paper writing and we are at your service, delivering you % custom essays. We’re not just any essay website. We’re the perfect last minute essay writing service you need that does not only deliver on time but provides essays Big Y Homework Help of top-notch quality too If you are asking yourself whether enlisting the help of Big Y Help Homework a professional service is secure, we can assure the customers that the rules, specified in the Big Y Help Homework client policy, can protect you from unexpected requirements and improve the result of the paperwork in an instant.. Those, who wish to receive the reviews, reports, essays, dissertations, and other In , with the help of William Pickering, Percival Lowell (a wealthy Bostonian) founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, blogger.com , convinced he could resolve the conundrum of Uranus's orbit, he began an extensive project to search for a trans-Neptunian planet, which he named Planet X, a name previously used by Gabriel Dallet. The X in the name represents an unknown and is
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Following the discovery of the planet Neptune inthere was considerable speculation that another planet might exist beyond its orbit. The search began in the midth century and continued at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell 's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the giant planets, particularly Uranus and Neptune, [1] speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities.
Clyde Tombaugh 's discovery of Pluto in appeared to validate Lowell's hypothesis, big y help homework, and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet. InPluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets, resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet.
The search was largely abandoned in the early s, when a study of measurements made by the Voyager 2 spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune's mass. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in the International Big y help homework Union IAU reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planetsleaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the Big y help homework System.
While the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X, as originally envisioned, does not exist, the concept of an as-yet-unobserved planet has been revived by a number of astronomers to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System. Inbased on similarities of the orbits of a group of recently discovered extreme trans-Neptunian objectsastronomers hypothesized the existence of a super-Earth planet, 2 to 15 times the mass of the Earth and beyond AU with big y help homework a high inclined orbit at some 1, AU.
The orbit is predicted to be anti-aligned to the clustered extreme trans-Neptunian objects. In the s, the French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to analyse perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, big y help homework, and hypothesised that they were caused by the gravitational pull of a yet-undiscovered planet. Le Verrier predicted the position of this new planet and sent his calculations to German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle. On 23 Septemberbig y help homework, the night following his receipt of the letter, Galle and his student Heinrich d'Arrest discovered Neptune, big y help homework where Le Verrier had predicted.
These were taken to indicate the existence big y help homework yet another planet orbiting beyond Neptune. Even before Neptune's discovery, some speculated that one planet alone was not enough to explain the discrepancy. On 17 Novemberthe British amateur astronomer the Reverend Thomas John Hussey reported a conversation he had had with French astronomer Alexis Bouvard to George Biddell Airythe British Astronomer Royal.
Hussey reported that when he suggested to Bouvard that the unusual motion of Uranus might be due to the gravitational influence of big y help homework undiscovered planet, Bouvard replied that the idea had occurred to him, and that he had corresponded with Peter Andreas Hansendirector of the Seeberg Observatory in Gothaabout the subject.
Hansen's opinion was that a single body could not adequately explain the motion of Uranus, and postulated that two planets lay beyond Uranus. InJacques Babinet raised an objection to Le Verrier's calculations, claiming that Neptune's observed mass was smaller and its orbit larger than Le Verrier had initially predicted.
He postulated, based largely on simple subtraction from Le Verrier's calculations, that another planet of roughly 12 Earth masses, which he named "Hyperion", must exist beyond Neptune. In James FergusonAssistant Astronomer at the United States Naval Observatorynoted that he had "lost" a star he had observed, GRk, which Lt.
Matthew Maury, the superintendent of the Observatory, claimed was evidence that it must be a new planet. Subsequent searches failed to recover the "planet" in a different position, and inCHF Petersdirector of the Hamilton College Observatory in New Yorkshowed that the star had not in fact vanished, big y help homework, and that the previous results had been due to human error.
InCamille Flammarion noted that the comets III and III had aphelia of 47 and 49 AUrespectively, suggesting that they might mark the orbital radius of an unknown planet that had dragged them into an elliptical orbit.
He calculated, based on the fact that four comets possessed aphelia at around AU and a further six with aphelia clustered at around AU, the orbital elements of a pair of hypothetical trans-Neptunian planets. These elements concorded suggestively with those made independently by another astronomer named David Peck Toddsuggesting to many that they might be valid.
In andHarvard College Observatory director William Henry Pickering led two searches for trans-Neptunian planets. The first was begun by Danish astronomer Hans Emil Lau who, after studying the data on the orbit of Uranus from toconcluded that one trans-Neptunian planet alone could not account for the discrepancies in its orbit, and postulated the position of two planets he believed were responsible.
The second was launched when Gabriel Dallet suggested that a single trans-Neptunian planet lying big y help homework 47 AU could account for the motion of Uranus. Pickering agreed to examine plates for any suspected planets, big y help homework.
In neither case were any found. Inafter observing the orbits of comets with aphelia beyond Neptune, Theodor Grigull of MünsterGermany proclaimed the existence of a Uranus-sized planet at 50 AU with a year period, which he named Hades, cross-checking with the deviations in the orbit big y help homework Uranus.
InGrigull revised his orbital period to years, to better fit the observed deviations. InThomas Jefferson Jackson Seean astronomer with a reputation as an egocentric contrarian, opined "that there is certainly one, most likely two and possibly three planets beyond Neptune".
He gave no indication as to how he determined their existence, and no known searches were mounted to locate them. InIndian astronomer Venkatesh P. Ketakar suggested the existence of two trans-Neptunian planets, which he named Brahma and Vishnuby reworking the patterns observed by Pierre-Simon Laplace in the planetary satellites of Jupiter and applying them to the outer planets. His calculations predicted a mean distance for Brahma of When Pluto was discovered 19 years later, its mean distance of Ketakar made no predictions for the orbital elements other than mean distance and period, big y help homework.
It is not clear how Ketakar arrived at these figures, and his second planet, Vishnu, was never located, big y help homework. Inwith the help of William Pickering, Percival Lowell a wealthy Bostonian founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Inconvinced he could resolve the big y help homework of Uranus's orbit, he began an extensive project to search for a trans-Neptunian planet, [17] which he named Planet Xa name previously used by Gabriel Dallet.
Lowell's hope in tracking down Planet X was to establish his scientific credibility, which had eluded him due to his widely derided belief that channel-like features visible on the surface of Mars were canals constructed by an intelligent civilization. Lowell's first search focused on the eclipticthe plane encompassed by the zodiac where the other planets in the Solar System lie. Using a 5-inch photographic camera, big y help homework, he manually examined over three-hour exposures with a magnifying glass, big y help homework, and found no planets.
At that time Pluto was too far above the ecliptic to be imaged by the survey. He assumed Planet X would be a large, low-density object with a high albedolike the giant planets. As a result, it would show a disc with diameter of about one arcsecond and an apparent magnitude between 12 and 13—bright enough to be spotted. Separately, inPickering announced that, by analysing irregularities in Uranus's orbit, he had found evidence for a ninth planet.
His hypothetical planet, which he termed "Planet O" because it came after "N", i. Neptune[21] possessed a mean orbital radius of Cowell showed that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit virtually disappeared once the planet's displacement of longitude was taken into account. Lowell's sudden death in temporarily halted the search for Planet X. Failing to find the planet, big y help homework, according to one friend, "virtually killed him". Tombaugh's task was to systematically capture sections of the night sky in pairs of images.
Each image in a pair was taken two weeks apart. He then placed both images of each section in a machine called a blink comparatorwhich by exchanging images quickly created a time lapse illusion of the movement of any planetary body.
To reduce the chances that a faster-moving and thus closer object be mistaken for the new planet, Tombaugh imaged each region near its opposition point, degrees from the Sun, where the apparent retrograde motion for objects beyond Earth's orbit is at its strongest. He also took a third image as a control to eliminate any false results caused by defects in an individual plate.
Tombaugh decided to image the entire zodiac, rather than focus on those regions suggested by Lowell.
By the beginning ofTombaugh's search had reached the constellation of Gemini. On 18 Februarybig y help homework, after searching for nearly a year and examining nearly 2 million stars, Tombaugh discovered a moving object on photographic plates taken on 23 January and 29 January of that year. The new object was later precovered on photographs dating back to 19 March He found hundreds of variable stars and asteroidsas well as two cometsbut no further planets.
To the observatory's disappointment and surprise, Pluto showed no visible disc; it appeared as a point, no different from a star, and, at only 15th magnitude, was six times dimmer than Lowell had predicted, which meant it was either very small, or very dark.
Almost immediately, some astronomers questioned Pluto's status as a planet. Barely a month after its discovery was announced, on April 14,in an article in The New York TimesArmin O. Leuschner suggested that Pluto's dimness and high orbital eccentricity made it more similar to an asteroid or comet: "The Lowell result confirms the possible high eccentricity announced by us on April 5.
Among the possibilities are a large asteroid greatly disturbed in its orbit by close approach to a major planet such as Jupiter, or it may be one of many long-period planetary objects yet to be discovered, or a bright cometary object. Brown asserted in agreement with E. Bower that the presumed irregularities in the orbit of Uranus could big y help homework be due to the gravitational effect of a more distant planet, and thus that Lowell's supposed prediction was "purely accidental", big y help homework.
Throughout the midth century, big y help homework, estimates of Pluto's mass were revised downward. InNicholson and Mayall calculated its mass, based on its supposed effect on the giant planets, as roughly that of Earth; [33] a value somewhat in accord with the 0. Wylie at the US Naval Observatoryusing the same assumptions.
Inbased on the similarities in the periodicity and amplitude of brightness variation with TritonDennis Rawlins conjectured Pluto's mass must be similar to Triton's.
In retrospect, the conjecture turns out to have been correct; it had been argued by astronomers Walter Baade and E. Bower as early as It was nonetheless a meagre enough value for him to conclude Pluto was not Planet X. Pluto's size was finally determined conclusively inwhen American astronomer James W.
Christy discovered its moon Charon. This enabled him, together with Robert Sutton Harrington of the U, big y help homework. Naval Observatory, to measure the mass of the Pluto—Charon system directly by observing the moon's orbital motion around Pluto.
Lowell's "prediction" had been a coincidence: If there was a Planet X, it was not Pluto. Aftera number of astronomers kept up the search for Lowell's Planet X, convinced that, because Pluto was no longer a viable candidate, an unseen tenth planet must have been perturbing the outer big y help homework. In the s and s, Robert Harrington led a search to determine the real cause of the apparent irregularities.
Noted Planet X sceptic Brian G. Marsden of the Minor Planet Center pointed out that these discrepancies were a hundredth the size of those noticed by Le Verrier, and could easily be due to observational error.
InJoseph Brady of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory studied irregularities in the motion of Halley's Comet, big y help homework.
Brady claimed that they could have been caused by a Jupiter-sized planet beyond Neptune big y help homework 59 AU that is in a retrograde orbit around the Sun.
Kenneth Seidelmann attacked the hypothesis, showing that Halley's Comet randomly and irregularly ejects jets of material, big y help homework, causing changes to its own orbital trajectory, and that such a massive object as Brady's Planet X would have severely affected the orbits of known outer planets.
Although its mission did not involve a search for Planet X, the IRAS space observatory made headlines briefly in due to an "unknown object" that was at first described as "possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this Solar System". Inbig y help homework, A. Jackson and R.
Killen studied the stability of Pluto's resonance with Neptune by placing test "Planet X-es" with various masses and at various distances from Pluto. Pluto and Neptune's orbits are in a resonance, which prevents their collision or even any close approaches, regardless of their separation in the z axis.
It was found that the hypothetical object's mass had to exceed 5 Earth masses to break the resonance, and the parameter space is quite large and a large variety of objects could have existed beyond Pluto without disturbing the resonance.
Four test orbits of a trans-Plutonian planet have been integrated forward for four million years in order to determine the effects of such a body on the stability of the Neptune—Pluto resonance. Planets beyond Pluto with masses of 0.
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